If you climb or drive to the Skull (or Luban as it is sometimes found on old maps or texts) to the plateau (parking grounds) near the stone pyramid, a monument to the struggles for the liberation of Rijeka at the end of World War II, you will see that the path forks on the left that leads to Podbreg, middle towards the hunting lodge and the right that descends downhill and you can reach Lopaca only on foot. This road, or rather the road once, before the road to Grohovo and Pašac (the so-called Petrolejka) was built, was the only and main link between Grobinština and Drenova and all the way further to Kozala or Škurinje.
In Zbornik za narodni život i običaje No 39 (Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 1957), Ivo Jardas, in book No 39 ‘Kastavština’, writes:
Above Drenovun is the hill, ki j' naked at the top by the dancer's head. Zavin's theme is hill dej Skull.
Brijeg Lubanj stretches approximately in the direction south-north, starting opposite Veli vrh via Orešje, above Podbreg, Benaši and Garići.
The highest peak of Skull - Ples is 499 meters high, so it lacks only a meter to be a mountain and is the highest point in the city of Rijeka.
Take the right way downhill towards Skull and, if you have a bit of an exploratory spirit, head right into the beautiful forest that you will soon reach. Traces of gardens and vineyards are still visible in the forest (e.g. the village site, brick cisterns for water or blue galica, remains of dry stone walls... From these gardens, vineyards and from the forest, the burden of yield, dry leaves (hams) for the floor of treasure or wood and dry branches (dust on domestic) for combustion were carried daily to the houses. This work was carried out mainly by women – ‘on a mantle’ – as Mrs. O'Brien said. Inca Stephan.
Beech forest along the Lopaci prem road, near the Markova vodica site
Unlike Jardas's vision, today Skull is a beautiful wooded area, perfect for pleasant walks. Here's another suggestion: Start from the Hunting lodge, with a pleasant marked trail towards the top of Pleš. Just before the peak, you will reach the lookout by the rock which offers a magnificent view of Grobnik field, "Grobnička alpe" and the entire Grobinština.
Viewpoint on the path towards Pleš
A nice continuation of the walk across the top leads along the trail to Kopica on the way from Sašroni to Trnovica and back below the top to the hunting lodge. A nice walk of about an hour and a half a pleasant walk.
It has a skull and an interesting past.
The southernmost part, the grove opposite Veli vrh is called Kraljev (emphasis on e) vrh. How I was told by Fr. Rino Štefan was named after the legend according to which King Bela IV spent the night here with his army fleeing the Mongols in 1241.
King's Peak, view of the rocky slopes of Skulls
In Željko Poljak's book "Croatian Mountains" (Zagreb, 2001) we find the information that they were on September 25, 1877. Mountaineers from Rijeka (Club Alpino Fiumano) set the foundation stone for the tower - a viewpoint (as it exists at the top of Učka) on the top of Luban (499m) in the hinterland of Rijeka. It provided a view of Grobničko polje, Učka and Velebit. It was demolished in 1901 because it became dangerous.
According to the attached sketch, the tower-view tower was about a hundred meters east of the beginning of the old road to Lopaca.
Sketch of position (source State Archives Rijeka)
Project towers, Source State Archives Rijeka
From 1903 until the end of World War II, there was on Skull, at the beginning of the old road to Lopača, a large iron cross with a crucifix that was demolished, apparently, for ideological reasons. Many older people in Drenovci do not know this, but the documentation from the digital collection of the museum and the recently found statue of Jesus from the crucifix, in the basement of Mrs. Alenka Franković, they are proof of its existence. The statue of Jesus from the crucifix, Mr. Gardner. Ivan Franković He gave it to our museum.
Adventurer, poet and, according to many, the founder of fascism Gabriele d’Annunzio, During his 16 months of rule over Rijeka, he did not bypass Drenova or the Skull. The description of the painting reads: Fiume – l’altare di monte Luban, 1.05.1920
D’Annunzio on the Skull
World War II
What makes the most frequent mention of the areas of Katarina, Veli Vrh and Skull are certainly the events from the very end of the Second World War and the so-called battle of Rijeka when there were heavy struggles for the liberation of our city.
Traces of these struggles can still be found today in the forests of the Skulls.
In memory of the victims and the victorious 4th Yugoslav Army, the people of Drenovci erected a monument in the form of a stone pyramid with a red star on the plateau mentioned at the beginning of the text. The only written record I've been able to find is number 6 that the monument was unveiled on September 21, 1954.
Plate at the foot of the monument
In the archives of the Regional Museum of Drenova there are also paintings of the construction of monuments, the appearance of which immediately after the construction
and part of the ceremony at the opening (photos below)
Today, the monument looks like this. To the left, the image is seen from the driveway and to the right, as seen, or rather, not seen from the plateau . It's not until spring and summer when everything turns green - you can't see it at all. Shouldn't we take some care and bring this valuable object closer to many hikers and visitors to our beautiful Skull?
How different the former way of life was from today is best told by the traces of the past in nature and the memories of people who struggled and struggled to survive in the former, difficult conditions of life.
If you climb or drive to the parking lot near the stone pyramid, a monument to the victims of World War II, you will see that the path forks on the left that leads to the hunting lodge and the right that descends downhill and with which you can, only on foot, reach Lopaca. This road, or rather the road, was once, before the road to Grohovo and Pašac (the so-called Petrolejka) was built, the only and main link between Grobinština and Drenova and all the way further to Kozala or Škurinje. Take the road and if you have a bit of an exploratory spirit, set off for a beautiful forest that you will soon reach. Traces of gardens and vineyards (e.g. the village site), brick cisterns for water or blue galica, remains of dry stone walls are still visible in the forest... From these gardens, vineyards and from the forest, the burden of yield, dry leaves (nuts) for the floor of treasure or wood and dry firewood were carried daily to the houses. This work was mainly done by women. They would rest up the hill, and for that holiday there were a few places to rest, so as to say at home - rest (with emphasis on the first a). They were larger rocks or rocks along the road.
Mrs. Inka Štefan told me exactly about these resting places, who herself carried the burdens from the forest every day “on the gravel pit”. Looking from the direction of Lopača, the first resting place was called “Počivalo Na gusto” and it is located in an area called Markova vodica. On the way uphill, the resting place “Pod taracon” was reached, and even further, already towards Skull “Three resting places”
The Three Rests
She rested on a dense
Proslop rested
These resting places or resting places used and the Grobnik Milkmaid on its daily journey from its grave villages, across Drenova to Rijeka's market Brajda. From “Three Rests” the path led through Skull to the chapel slightly lower along the present Lubanjski ascent, where they turned left and at Majstoroveh (near the former restaurant “As”) broke out on the Drenovski put. At the time before World War II, they had to cross the border between Yugoslavia and Italy at the crossing of the building that the older Drenovci still call Border, and where the Drenova Heritage Museum, or Drenova Social Center, is located today. . Next, through Kačjak and through Čelac, they would descend to Škurinja and so all the way to Brajda.
Milkmaids at the Border
Dairy women who carried milk on Kozala, Belveder and further to the Governor's Palace or Školjić, after the war used the route through Proslop. From the villages of the graveyards at Valići, across Rječina to Grohovo, from where they would climb the ‘Balkon’ (on today’s Grohovski put or Petrolejka) and further through Proslop at the western foot of Veli Vrh. Here in Proslop there was a rest that is still available today and according to which a signpost should be set for all walkers who walk that way to Veli vrh. From that it rested next to the old Drenov cemetery and next to the Shooting Range it came to Kozala and further to Rijeka.
Another interesting detail was told to us by Mrs. Inka.
When the milkmaids were coming back, on their way through Drenova, they would sometimes allow themselves the luxury to breathe with a glass of gemiste. Then they would stop by the old tavern near Sablić, which was located in Terče's village on the ground floor of the house near the old parish apartment.
There on the ground floor was Sablić's sharpness
"Long live the joy" in Sablić's tatters!
In addition to the beautiful monument to the milkmaid in Rijeka, we are vividly reminded of the efforts of women who, with 20 or 30 liters of milk in their backpacks, travelled miles every day to feed their families.
Drenovske mlekarica on the borders of the pul Benaši (Recorded between 1932 and 1935). First z leva (back) Nevenka Blažić-Jurova married Štefan, in the middle of Gizela Francetić Štefan-Pikolova, right Marija-Rica Benčan and last right Marija from Komunada.
When you pass through the Milk Market in Rijeka and see a statue of a milkmaid, I believe that your first association is with the Grobnik milkmaids. I also believe that many people from Drenovci, especially younger and newcomers, do not know that Drenova also had her milkmaids. I found this out when, through Mrs. Evica Štefan, Mrs. Darinka Petrc, born in Črnjar, sent me a written testimony about Drenov's milkmaids, which at the end reads: ...so that these women are seen little by your Drenovsken list and that we remember them from a long past. Thanks out – milkmaids.
Who would not fulfill such a request to a lady who was born in 1924 and who has a lot to tell us about the life that once lived on our always beautiful Drenova. The letter is written on Chakavsken and that's how I'll recount it:
Flight 1941 mistletoe dream 17 flight when my sister Marica and I started wearing milk v Reka as other milkmaids from Drenova.
Darinka Črnjar Petrc va is 17 years old when the milkmaid's calf began to carry milk and a two-tiered milkmaid's calf flight
At that time, and first, since the 1924 flight, there was a border on Dren's pul Benaši. Donja Drenova fell under Italy, and Gornja Drenova, where the milkmaids came from, was in Yugoslavia. When the storefront was a border, those who did not name Italian citizenship and did not accept the reader were left without a piece. Living had to be done, so that it was parted on the grunt, the males walked on Sušak iskat as a deed, and the family mistletoe cows, the females wore v Reku mleko prodaja.
Boundary pul Benaši
When we came to Zdolun nosecloth milk, on the borders of the pul Benaši first were our financiers who asked us only passengers, and little gives Italian ken we had to lead the way we wear your basket; a ton of milk, a shrub, butter and we wore a hat for sale. Kastav milkmaids from Saršoni arrived here, and Gromišćica came across Skull. And so a day for the day. Some saki dan, and some, ke mistletoe less milk, saki others. So we went from the border together to Linot’s butega (today’s ‘Lepa Brena’ building). One shed gives on the Drenovsken route to Mihačeva Draga and Kozale bathtubs we started to delite milk on Kapitanoven. Others went over the hill (today's Ivana Žorža street) to your cottage Čentočele (it was called as such and there was a lot of cottage next to each other) and then over Circle on Brajd and along the way milky delile.
Linot's butega
Your house was waiting for us downstairs where we are lela milk from mericah. It was your lirah we slaughtered your banks changed your dinars. Since there was a lot of milk and others to sell, when we sold so milk, we misnamed our places to Belvedere who we had to keep and token we sold it. And if they were to split up and sell it, but walk back to Drenova. Vavek was a kumpania; We, Kastavke and Gromišćica, came together with a whispering bitterness, and there was always a tea to be had. We started on Drenova either your butege pul Linota or pul Benaši and cup drank. We called it a passerby. You frosty water would put a pot of some pill and it was really nice to drink. Pul Benaši was a yen of good butega and baker's bathtub was very good bread kega would buy for home.
The house which was the bakery and butega pul Benaši. Nowadays, the new store has been demolished.
Those who mistletoe a lot of milk had to stay until they were sold. And so was that life of our milkmaid. That nan was good either, and for bad we won't lead. We were young, so nan was happy.
And these are the milkmaids who knew the dream, and cheh sean spametit: From bellows was a dream of me, Darinka Črnjar, married Petrc and my late sister Marica married Kalčić-Tonićeva.
The old milkmaids were: Nevenka Blažić Štefan-Jurova, Marija-Rica Benčan, Mimica and Bina-Tončeve, Šanta Črnjar-Žandrićeva, Šanta z Brda, Marija Petrović-Rapinkina, Metilda Štefan-Šuštarova, Gizela Francetić Štefan-Pikolova, Metilda Štefan z Lokve-Šimunova, Ernesta Francetić Črnjar, Jela Mikotova od Benaši, Mimica Mihić-Filetova. From Skvažić they were: Sisters Marija and Petra, Zvana i Stanka, Stanka Protova (according to Inka Štefan's memory), Marija Tibljaš-Pupina, Mimica Jelićeva and Milka od Benčani.
The Society "Without Borders" marked the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Rijeka with a tribune Remembrance of the liberation of Rijeka and Drenova, held at the Drenova Heritage Museum, where the elderly Drenovci recounted memories of the days of war and the struggle for the liberation of Rijeka.
Testimony of World War II and post-war. Unfortunately, there was damage to the SD card, so some parts of the video were lost, and therefore image and tone synchronization. But you can only enjoy the soundtrack.
In the 15th issue Drenovski list, in December 2008, he published a Draško Maršanić article on the people of Drenovci in the First World War, relaying part of the records of the parish priest Mate Polić in the Parish Book of Drenovska Parish Liber insertionis historiae neoerectae Parochiae Drenovensis ab anno 1837. (Book of additions to the history of the newly established Drenov parish since 1837), which he began to lead Ivan Cvetko, the first Drenova parish priest and founder of the Drenova parish. A copy of the book is the goodness of the long-time Drenov pastor, Mons. Gabriel Bratine in the digital collection of our Heritage Museum and is the source of many historical facts from Drenova's past.
A book of additions to the history of the newly established Drenov parish since 1837. Years
Unfortunately, not all pastors write everything equally diligently, but fortunately he is a wolf. Mate Polić, pastor of Drenova from 1911 to 1919, his legible and neat handwriting He wrote down many events and facts from that time.
Pastor Mate Polić (left) and Pepe Maršanić in the Dreno church in 1916
Mobilization on Drenova
From the many interesting facts for this occasion, we will single out a contribution written in Croatian by the parish priest Mate Polić, on the occasion of the beginning of the First World War in 1914 and the departure of many Drenovci to the battlefields across Europe. The annex entitled World War II reads as follows:
Wire telegram told us very sad news, that the assassination killed our beloved throne - heir to the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 29 June 1914 during the inspection of military maneuvers. Together with him, his wife Sophia the Archduke of Hohenberg was killed. The assassination took place at the time, when the Archduke and his wife went on trips to the town hall. About this, I think, it is superfluous to describe it more closely here, since the world history will accurately describe it. Based on the investigation conducted, it turned out that the Serbian government, headed by Major Tankošić, also participated in the assassination. This was due to the fact that the Austro-Hungarian monarchy declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, and on August 2, 1914, a general mobilization was proclaimed after Serbia's Russia and Austria-Hungary's loyal ally Germany came to their aid. To describe this in more detail does not belong here, but the purpose of this is to know in the future how this parish ‘Drenova’ participated in this world war.
wolves. Mate Polić about the beginning of the First World War
Records from the annex entitled World War: mobilized, killed and captured Drenovci
Several of the names on the list were later crossed out. According to local legend, soldiers had been returning home for years. Some of them even walk all the way from Russia, and some as heroes – on horseback. About that a few words later. Reading the list of those who died and the ways in which some lost their lives, we see the atrocities they went through.
The diligent and meticulous pastor Mate Polić left us a truly valuable and interesting document. We can see that according to house numbers at that time Drenova had about 200 houses, so we can estimate that it had 1000 to 1200 inhabitants. Every fifth inhabitant, that is, all men capable of military service, was called to the war.. We have examples where four members were invited from the same house or family, such as: Miko, Franjo, Paškval and Vicko Francetić with Fr. 83 (b. 68 to 71 on the list of pastors of Polić). Twenty-five people from Drenovci died, and the tragedy of the war shows that some of them raised their hands on themselves.
The following is a list of those, as the diligent pastor Polić wrote, who were forgiven by the military service, where we also see a vicious questionnaire next to the name of Lino Kučić (b.192), a wealthy Drenov craftsman. There was also corruption:
Of these they were pardoned from the service of the army, as follows: Lino Kučić kbr. 149, because of the great (?) need for the sub-municipality of Drenova; Franjo Senjan, a teacher, was immediately super-arbitrated for heart disease; Josip Stefan, teacher, for the teaching service; and Innocento Francetić kbr. 153 due to family circumstances.
Notice the malicious questionnaire next to the name of Lino Kučić, a wealthy landlord and merchant.
Kukuljan Andrija kbr. 76. discharged due to incapacity (:sick:), Karlo Geiger kbr. 157/III; Anton Črnjar Kbr. 59/I was mobilized but at the work of a torpedo factory in St. Pölten near Graco.
They returned home unfit for mutilation on the battle fronts as follows: Anton Francetić kbr. 126, because his leg was broken and therefore shorter by 5 cents.; Martin Pants kbr. 93, because he lost a middle finger on his hand; Josip Perušić kbr. 103 due to illness.
Post-release home: Ivan Superina kbr. 165; Ivan Črnjar Tomčev, Nocento Francetić, Josip Francetić 101, Art. Benussi, Fran Črnjar 79, Mario Črnjar kbr. 41, Materno Superina kbr. 189.
Interesting note wolf. Mate Polić
The Ancients of the Great War - Fate
The next source of information about the Drenovci in the first war, the photographs are exhibited at the exhibition of old photographs of Drenos to take a look at, authored by Alberto Mihich and Christian Graiach, held for the Days of the Drenos, now a bit back in 2004, which at that time we were able to scan and store in the digital archive of the museum, as well as some that we subsequently received on loan. Who were these people:
Milan Silvester Žorž, (in the list of pastors of Polić on r. no. 195) born on Drenova 30. 12. In 1898, the son of Gasparus Žorža and Maria Stefan, died in Paris.
Josip Mikulić (b.No. 157), born 15.2. 1888 in Paz, Istria, married on Drenova
Josip Puharić Pepe, (b. 98), born 28.11.1889 in Rubeši, married on Drenova, died 19.10.1968.
Franjo Škrobonja, (b. 173), born on Drenova 18. 4. 1869, died in 1936.
Franjo Mihić Perac, (r. 113) born on Drenova 26. 11. 1886, died in 1947. As his grandson Alessandro Mihić recounted, Francis was in Villach (Austria) during the war as a soldier in the cavalry unit. When the war ended, he asked his superiors to give him a horse to return home, so Francis returned to Drenova as a true hero – on horseback!
Milan Žorž, third from left
Josip Mikulić
Josip Pepe Puharić
Franjo Škrobonja
Franjo Mihić Perac, left
Spartaco Črnjarić, born in Drenovčan, sent us a beautiful picture of his son Pranonot and the text we publish:
These data nan was given a drenofski float before the fanj flight. Francetić Vincenco is imel 12 children. When the first war started, it was too old to start a war (68 flights). His first installment was his son Franjo Francetić (b.191), barba Franić. I spammed him, he kept us on our knees, flaws, my brother and the late bitch Mauroto, and seh was called "spartačići". The jackal is tabak, and then you'd znel it with your mouth and put it under a hat. When the war was fine, it was on the Black Sea. Agricola (Spartac's mother, Agricola's cousin. Francetić, op.a.) says that he is vavek mentioned the city of Ufa (capital of the Bashkir Republic - central Russia, most often on Google Earth). From Crneg Mora to the city of Ufa has been a fan for a long time. It will be that the detainees were fined there (it is on the list of Prisoners in Russia of Pastor Polic, r.No.13, op.a.). From there to Drenova there are 4 flights, from village to village .(Air distance Rijeka-Ufa is 3095 km, op.a.). Prišal is from the clobukon home who imel scooped from the bullet (not even hit him ). Barba Franić is a staunch fan deaf of the canoe cha shot around him. Kujin Robert Grohovac who takes care of va Drenova's antiquities is still a saying for Franjo Francetić and this (and this led him to Fr. Tito Francetić, brother of Agricola): Captured in Galicia by the Cossacks, the only one of the regiments standing still alive, no more imel ammo so it was foretold. They sent him as a prisoner to share on the grand estate of some widow, where she kidnapped him.... When there was a chance she escaped... she was carrying a walrus in your ear.
A few more photos of Drenovčan from the list of Mate Polić:
Franjo Štefan, left, r. no. 186
Milan Miko Francetić, r.No. 68
Ernesto Štefan, r.No. 95 Wounded in Russia, escaped from hospital
Romualdo Črnjar, r.No. 112
One of the most interesting photos is definitely the one we got from the family. Frank and Tatjana Cvečić from the Podbreg. In the picture is the so-called Rijeka Brigade with a prominent Rijeka flag with the inscription Indeficienter. As it says in web link The (Rijeka) brigade was formed by the 70th and 79th regiments from Petrovaradin, or Otočac, and it is interesting for Drenova that Drenovčan Ivan Jelisej (b. 26 on Polić's list) is also in the picture, after Frank Cvečić's mother.
Ivan Jelisej, fourth from the left in the third row
Ivan Francetić, r. no. 81
The back of the photo by Ivan Francetić
Very interesting is the painting that Ivan Francetić sent to Professor Fran Franković, a viewed Drenovčan who during his lifetime was called the father of the teacher's education in Istria, the author of the first Croatian Beginner, the first manager of the newly founded teacher's school in Kastav and the founder of the Public Reading Room Drenova in 1908. By the address of the sender it is evident that he was in the Rijeka Brigade in Petrovaradin and it is easily possible that he is also in the picture where Ivan Jelisej is.
As an interesting fact, it should be noted that there were Drenovčans who were in the army and then in the war, so that they “served the homeland” for eight full years. Unfortunately, we do not have their pictures, and these are according to what Alberto Mihich and Atilio Mihić told us:
Romualdo Črnjar, nr. 112, nr. 139 (pictured above) Karlo Superina, No. 152, No. 167 Franjo Fran Superina, No. 52, No. 68
Interesting is Polić's text on the parish priest's concern for the food of parishioners during the war:
The diet of the parishioners of Drenova: The undersigned Mate Polić, the parish priest, having already noticed the lack of mercury at the beginning of the war, caught the economic branch of the Rijeka branch of the economic society in Zagreb, and recorded over 181 members, and on that basis we got from the economic society of mercury: corn, potatoes, wheat, barley, beans, and so this people, in addition to the aprovization of the city, got some food from the mentioned society. This was a thorn in the eye especially of the merchant Lino Kučić kbr. 149, and he did everything to prevent food from coming from Zagreb to Drenovo, but about it in another place. Drenova, November 20, 1916,
Mate Polić, pastor
He also wrote down and described the wolf in detail. Polić, which are bells from Drenov churches and chapels requisitioned for war purposes (in other words, melted into cannons and the like). All in all, the hardworking and virtuous pastor Mate Polić left a valuable document that our Society Without Borders published on the website Europeana 1914-1918 – untold stories and official history of the First World War
In the digital archive of our museum we also find many documents from the Drenov school from the time of the First War written in Italian.
List of orphans of fathers fallen in war or due to illnesses caused during military service, which the then director G. Deichmann sent to the Rijeka City Master's Office on March 14, 1917, testifies that twenty-three underage children were left behind the dead, without a father. The list applies only to students and their siblings. Who knows how many other children have lost their father?
Others List, since 4 February 1916, shows the names of children, including children of soldiers, who received shoes (scarpe di guerra) as a help.
Fathers' names are completely in line with Polić's lists, except that Polić wrote them in Croatian and the school was Italian.
The Unknown Heroes of the Great War
The following are pictures of soldiers, apparently from the time of the Great War, for which no names or data are known. There are people from Drenova in the pictures, but the owners of the pictures can't say who it is.
If anyone knows anything in more detail, please contact our Heritage Museum!
Erinnerung An das 19 Kriegsjahr 14 Artillerie SMS Maria Theresia
Walking from Russia
Many Drenovci returned on foot from battlefields in distant Galicia or later from captivity in Russian camps. It's really about huge distances and it's amazing what these people have walked.
Source: Wikipedia - Map of the Russian ripening camps
We have identified some of the camps mentioned in our documents, see how these distances look on Google Maps – and with a modern car it would be a challenging journey!
Thousands of miles on foot to home
Absolute walking record – the Sretensk camp is literally on the other side of the world!
The border between the Venetian Republic and the Austrian Empire around 1800
The border that until 1797 divided the Venetian and Austrian territories dates back to the Worms Contract from 1521 between Emperor Charles V of Habsburg and Doge Leonardo Loredano, and will last until the collapse of the Venetian state.
The main feature of the border is the presence of some important enclaves along the western coast of the Adriatic, which broke through the territorial continuity of the two countries.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
The northern part of the border followed the Carniolan Alps including the valleys of the Degano, Collina, But and Pontebbana rivers, then twisted towards the city of Pontebba to the Julian Alps, and then after a ridge to the south with the peaks of Cergnala, Kanina, reached the Matajur mountain. The territory of the Venetian Republic after the break in the Trieste area expanded in the northeastern part of the Adriatic with the larger (coastal) part of the Istrian coast and the islands of Kvarner.
The Pazin County (inner central part of Istria) remained under the rule of the Counts of Gorizia until 1516, when, by inheritance, it passed into the possession of Austria. In the mid-18th century, several attempts to regulate and simplify the border in the area of Gorica and Udine gave no result, except for solving the border markings. After the general Treaty between Austria and Venice signed in Gorica in 1756, a minimum exchange of territory was finally agreed, as well as an agreement on occasional border surveillance.
In the northeastern Adriatic, the Kingdom of Croatia, which was part of the Hungarian component of the Habsburg Monarchy, borders the south of the region with Venice Dalmatia, while the city of Rijeka has a special status, as a free port since 1719, and was recognized as a Corpus separatum adnexum under the rule of the Hungarian crown by Maria Theresa in 1779.
The Age of Napoleon
The Arrival of the French Army Napoleon Bonaparte On the territory of northern Italy, the defeat of Austria and the signing of the Treaty of Campoformid (17 October 1797), causes the disappearance of the Republic of Venice and stops the further expansion of the Habsburgs in Venice, Istria and Dalmatia.
Source: Wikipedia — Map of the Illyrian Provinces of 1809.
The boundaries change again in 1805. After the defeat of Austria; the peace signed in Bratslava (Pressburg), allows all conquered territories to be added to the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's administration. The border between Austria and the Kingdom of Italy follows the course of the Soča River and then continues along the old Venetian border. New changes were made in 1809 with the establishment of Napoleon's the Illyrian Provinces . After Napoleon's defeat in 1813 at the Battle of Leipzig, the Habsburgs took control of the Illyrian provinces, and in 1816 they founded in their territory the Kingdom of Illyria.
Austrian Littoral, 1815 1918-1918
the Austrian Littoral As an administrative Austrian province, it was founded after the Congress of Vienna (1815) marked the end of Napoleon's previous territorial organization called the Illyrian Provinces.
Source: Wikipedia by Rand McNally World Atlas
In addition to the complex and time-consuming process of integration between the Austrian hereditary territories (Gorica, Trieste, Istria with its internal territory and headquarters in Pazin, Rijeka) and the territories that once belonged to the Venetian Republic (the coasts of Istria, Monfalcone, Grado), between 1814 and 1860 the Austrian authorities finally defined the administrative borders of the Austrian Littoral (or simply the Coast).
In the years 1861-1918, three autonomous units were formed from a political-administrative point of view: – City of Trieste (has had autonomy since 1825); – Kneževskogrofovija Gorica and Gradiška , with their administrative seat in Gorica; – Markgrofovija Istria , based in Pula.
Since 1867. The Habsburg monarchy received a new constitutional order with a division into the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. The Austrian littoral belonged to the Austrian part of the Monarchy (as part of Carinthia and Carniola), while Croatia and the autonomous city of Rijeka became part of Hungary.
Treaty of London 1915.
Treaty of London is a secret alliance agreement between Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy, to which Italy accedes with the promise of entering into war with the Central Powers. The Treaty provides for territorial compensation in favour of Italy to the detriment of Austria-Hungary: Trentno and South Tyrol (Alto Adige), Trieste, Gorica, Istria and Dalmatia, but excludes Rijeka.
Source: Wikipedia – Sistemazione territoriale dell’Adriatico orientale in seguito alle promesse fatte a Italia, Montenegro e Serbia col Patto di Londra (1915)
The agreement also envisions Italian participation in the partition of Albania and the possible partition of Turkey as well as German colonies in Africa.
Borders after the First World War in 1918
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapalski_ugovorIn November 1918, after the end of the First World War, the Habsburg Monarchy ceased to exist and new states were formed in its territories, including Hungary and Yugoslavia (then called: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or Kingdom of S.H.S. for short). The definition of the new borders between Austria and Italy was finally established at the Paris peace conference. Treaty of St. Germain (09.10.1919). The Treaty of Rapallo (12.11.1920) regulates the border between Italy and the Kingdom of S.H.S.
Italy renounced the annexation of Dalmatia (with the exception of the city of Zadar and its immediate surroundings), but conquered all other territories provided for by the Treaty of London. Negotiations lasted more than a year because of Italy's intransigence and ambition to appropriate the entire former territory inhabited by Italian minorities, although the prevailing population was of Slavic origin.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
Even after the US president's proposal, the difficulties have not been overcome. Woodrow Wilson 's, about the border line based on the ethnic structure of the population (Wilson line) and because of the increasing tendency of British, French and American diplomacy to yield to Italian demands ended up unfavorably for the Kingdom of S.H.S.
Boundary between 1924 and 1941
Further border changes in the northern Adriatic include the annexation of Rijeka to the Kingdom of Italy, in accordance with the Treaty of Rome.Treaty of Rome) January 27, 1924.11, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Under the new agreement, part of the northern area of the Free State of Rijeka and the ports of Baross were ceded to Yugoslavia, while the area of the city and the small coastal strip were annexed to Italy.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
The new acquisitions have led to changes in the administrative set-up of the Venezia-Giulia province; The province of Rijeka was founded in 1924, which consists of the territories annexed to Rijeka, as well as some municipalities that previously belonged to the province of Pula. More detailed maps from that period are part of the holdings of the Drenova Regional Museum and are exhibited in the museum's premises.
Maps (examination) of the 1924 demarcation proposal
From 1924 to 1941 the border was unchanged, but neighboring countries changed their name and even ideological sign: Between 1929 and 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, while the Republic of Austria was annexed by the Third Reich in 1938 with the name Ostmark.
Province of Ljubljana, 1941
The attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941. (Italy with its allies Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria), marked the next stage of Italian expansion to the east.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
The Italian military occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was marked by a large territorial expansion, as on March 5, 1941, large parts of Slovenia and Dalmatia were annexed. The cities of Ljubljana, Novo Mesto and Kočevje, with most of Gorski Kotar, form “Italian” in addition to the previously occupied areas. the Province of Ljubljana.
German occupation in 1943. 1945
Since September 1943. Italy was no longer an occupying power in the northern Adriatic, German forces occupied northern Italy, thus excluding the provinces of Udine, Trieste, Gorica, Pula, Rijeka and Ljubljana from political and military control by the Italian authorities. the Italian Social Republic under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The newly created German province ’Operational zone Adriatic coastIt is administered directly by the German authorities, headed by High Commissioner Friedrich Rainer.
Allied military operations and the liberation of Yugoslav territory (April-May 1945)
The final phase of the Second World War in the northern Adriatic lasted from April to May 1945, and was marked by a race of two groups of armies opposite the coast to larger urban centers: from the Balkans is IV. The Yugoslav Army advanced rapidly towards Trieste and Gorica, while the collapse of the Gothic Line on 19 April 945 enabled the strong advance of the Anglo-American forces, with strategic goals that were not limited only to northern Italy or Venezia-Giulia, but also to the territory of southern Austria and Germany.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
Aided by the Partisan uprising against the forces of Nazi Germany, on 1 May the soldiers of the Fourth Army of Yugoslavia occupied Trieste, Gorica and the Soča Valley. British forces arrived in the same area on May 2. The control of the cities of Gorica and Trieste was left to the JNA, which arrived first, but some more precisely No demarcations of allied armies have been made.
The Morgan Line
The division of territory between the victorious armies is defined as the Morgan Line. The first provisional agreement led to the division of the Venezia-Giulia area into two parts: the western part was assigned to the administration of the Anglo-American Army (zone A); and the eastern part was assigned to the administration of the Yugoslav Army (Zone B). Zone A is also the City of Pula with its surroundings.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
This demarcation was confirmed at a meeting held in Belgrade on June 9, 1945 between representatives of Great Britain and the United States of America with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia. The Belgrade agreement is a condition for Anglo-American control of the rail and road network from Trieste to Austria, and included the cities of Gorica, Caporeto and Tarvisio. The treaty became enforceable on 12 June 1945, when Yugoslav soldiers withdrew from Pula, Trieste, Gorica and further north along the left bank of Soca. The demarcations agreed by the Morgan Line ended on 10 February 1947, with the conclusion of the Paris peace talks, and were definitively abandoned until 15 September 1947, when the new border was sealed.
Border lines proposed at the Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)
On 10 February 1947 a treaty was signed in Paris establishing a new border between the Republic of Italy, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Austria. Discussions during the negotiations focused on creating new frontier lines in favour of the winner of the war – Yugoslavia.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
The most prone to punishing Italy were representatives of the Soviet Union who moved the border line far to the west (around the border from 1866), with the argument that these are areas with a significant share of the Slovenian population. The English and the Americans proposed border lines with similar arguments (the presence of the Italian population in the coastal area of Istria), but they predicted that the Italians would leave Rijeka and Zadar. The French proposal in the northern part followed the English proposal, while in the southern part it reduced the territory to the Mirna and Novigrad rivers. The Italian government proposed a border line that referred to the second proposal of US President Wilson in 1919, with the abandonment of Rijeka and Zadar. There was no change in the border between Italy and Austria.
Free Territory of Trieste (STT) 1947
At the proposal of France on the demarcation of 1946, it was formed on 15 September 1947. The Free Territory of Trieste, and it is envisaged that the Governor will be appointed by Italy and Yugoslavia, while the United Nations Security Council will guarantee territorial integrity and independence.
Source: Franco Cecotti – Bruno Pizzamei, Eastern borders of Italy 1797-2007
The agreement on the appointment of a joint governor was never implemented, and the Free Territory of Trieste was divided into two parts during its term: Zone A under the temporary administration of the Allied Military Government (AMC) and Zone B under the temporary administration of the Yugoslav Military Government (VUJA).
The London Memorandum (1954) and subsequent treaties
Among the conditions that led to the abolition of the Free Territory of Trieste, a key role should be attributed to the change of relations in the communist states of Eastern Europe; Especially in 1948, when relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia broke down.
Source: Wikipedia
The new international scenario was a visibly different attitude of world powers interested in a lasting solution to border issues in the northern Adriatic. If in March 1948 Britain, the US and France were inclined to return the entire territory of the STT to Italy, after June (that is, the break in relations between Stalin and Tito) they no longer advocated such an opinion. In Zone B, customs barriers with Yugoslavia were abolished and Yugoslav laws were introduced, stressing the intention of annexing the area. At the end of 1951 in Paris, a series of direct meetings was held between Italy and Yugoslavia, but no solution was reached. A new escalation of the border conflict began in 1953. As a result of military pressure along the border, the authorities of the United States and Great Britain issued a statement of intent to withdraw their military units from Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste (Two-Day Declaration of October 8, 1953), by which they urged the Italian side to reach a compromise solution, despite the large protests of the local population in Trieste in November 1953.
It was finally signed in London on 5 October 1954. Memorandum between Italy and Yugoslavia, according to which, with minor modifications in the municipality of Muggia, the Italian administration was assigned Zone A and the entire Zone B to the Yugoslav administration, which was operationally implemented in October 1954. The final outcome of the border issue between Yugoslavia and Italy has been resolved the Treaty of Osimo (11.10.1975), which marked the end of 20 years of uncertainty.
New Borders in the Northern Adriatic (1991-2013)
The formation of new states on the territory of Yugoslavia after 1991 did not result in changes of borders with the Republic of Italy or the Austrian Republic, but with the emergence of new states the interrepublican borders become state borders. Unfortunately, the border line between Croatia and Slovenia has not been fully established, and parts of Istria are the subject of a dispute before an international court, although it is actually a border line established back in 1954. New significant changes in relations between the Northern Adriatic countries are related to the European Union, to which Italy (member since 1958 - European Economic Community), Austria (since 1 January 1995) and Slovenia (since 1 May 2004) belong.
Since 20 December 2007, the border between Italy and Slovenia has lost the character of a bureaucratic filter (the abolition of customs supervision and the removal of most of today's obstacles at border crossings (barriers, caraules, etc.).
Since 1 July 2013, the Republic of Croatia has also joined the European Union, making all the borders of the northern Adriatic countries the internal borders of the EU.
How did it all start? On May 24, 2021, I received an email from Ms. Davorka Medved with the following content:
Hey, everybody!
We contacted Mrs. Elda Bariša several years ago about another project. On that occasion, I told her to record all her memories of what she had done. She called me yesterday because she finished that project.
He's 85 years old. She wrote on her own computer. She was helped in the processing by her grandson or nephew, I did not remember what she said.
We have permission to publish the text in whole or in part, as we choose.
I just started reading (on my phone) and I was amazed.
Read it and get in touch.
I have slightly "overturned" the text attached, so that the chapters run more or less continuously over time, corrected the inevitable "tipfelers" and there it is before you. And as Davorka said, the reader must be amazed at the way Mrs. Elda introduced us to the way of life in Drenova's past, which was most often conditioned by various political divisions,
Christian Grailach, 2021.
MY FAMILIA
Me, Elda Barisa's cousin. In the 1936 flight, Father Josip Skvaža from the bathtub house was once Pateri pul Kablari. There's still a cross on that house, and it's thought there's a cimiter. Mama Zita is from Matezin's, the beginning of Kablari, and now in the middle of Bruno Francetić Street. These are two houses, two brothers Miko and Mate. They had nine daughters together. The Matezins were tuning in to the good judi from the beautiful divojkami.
My father, we called him Pope, he was a poor man. His father was a widower with four cousins. When j’ remarried, the children said that the best compiler that j’ cooked for the pig was at sea. One time the children baked bread and hid it in your doghouse and they ran out of bread. They weren't allowed to sell the jist cha, they needed a soldi to buy salt, a pussy, etc. Four more children came and there was even more misery.
My mom lived a lot of color. Father ostrich was two times your Merika, and imel took vavek to the railroads. In 1920, when the Spanish flu struck, his wife died. Nonot's sister of five lived in the same house. They were painful and Grandma Ida tended them and she was j’ carrying them. They were healed, and she didn't even get the flu. Nona Ida had lost her vera when she shook the water from leaning. Potle 50 flight, 1970 flight we found this verica when j' spread joke. Nono is a widower with three brothels, and his mother misappropriated two flights. Nono married his first wife's sister Tonka and they got three more broths. Of the six children, two were male, one died in 1939 from a drought, and the other Bruno died in the war in 1942 of the flight.
The first picture shows Grandma Ida as she died in 1920, and the second picture shows Grandma Tonka and Grandma Miko.
The picture from the bathtub school is my mom's, 1927 flight.
My great-grandmother aunts, they've already shared. It can be seen that jin was color and they are beautifully dressed.
The young men and the wildlings came to the young parsley, the wilderness al’, to the young man.
My grandson knew how to hold nuts, he sold his wine, and the boccia porpoise was a big porter. We lived in that house of Matezin, and even now living in it, there was only one absence during the war.
HOW WE CHILDREN PLAYED
One game was called Pedestrians: Five identical shrouds rushed from your hand. Women's children meant a lot of rag buds. We played on the butegu , we sold glasses, roses and petals, old pots and the other glass we found. From the cornea we decomposed corsins and bracoletes, and we did not hang on the ear of the said donkeys were said to get at the baptism. Hiding and hunting (hidden and hunted) were games with mules. The most beautiful nan was on pasture with the goats. We tied the goats to keep them from escaping so we could play. Once a nan was hung over a grove. The father and neighbors heard the blasphemy, and they came to save her. When we kept the goats we had to mulch the list from autumn, we bended it down and rode it, so we broke the list. And we cried and cried more than once and said, "You have to give a vavek command, you've been tormented once." And there was also “I'm afraid you're lying”. Flying with the water was nice, but the nan were saddened that we were wasting water. We've always been playing catch-up. Mostly to wash the chaos, and that was : “I washed the cherry’s dream, I washed the dream last night, but precursor”. Poor father got tired and j' rolled up his sleeve and shawl accompaniment. Since then, we've never fucked again. Potloh va kamare we misappropriated boards we had to ribat z skartačun, so also stolpa there was a tug: “Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, who When the horseradish was banged, who found the hot piston and no more moral delat. If a piece was fine, they'd say it was a lycoffee.
In the first picture the dream first right, and in the second the first left.
Once we females were very bad dogs, when we ate half merlin on one leah. The Master has come to the reel of our eyes. We got ours, but we got ours at home. My bitch went home fast to put on a fat sweater so she could hear less of the chiffon. Out of the three of us, she's not known to be hooting a dog and got more z chibun per leg.
TIME OF THE ITALIAN OCCUPATION
We had to be Italian, I'd say storit Cittadinanzu, for work and school. So me and my mom could've gone to the Rack of Charcoals and sold it for a minute. We carried verdura, eggs, flute and wood in your basket. I dream mistletoe little bone, bathtubs care a couple of cepanic trees. That's how Mom could buy the torment, the pussy, the salt and more. The furnace of the house burned the most, and so did the rush for the brewed obedience. The lights on the carbit were known and important, so we were afraid of the children.
There was a school in Tunic called the playground. The dream of 1943 was to start your first class, but the Germans burned it down, so the dream of two flights was your Italian school on Dolnja Drenovo. Walking dream your kindergarten, will be on Gornja Drenova, and we were only four of the children, me, my sister, Marija Gracija of Lokva and Đino of Škurinja.
It's 1943 Flight.
My younger sister Rozita misnamed three flights when she went to Governer’s palace of the ‘Quando saro grande andro dal Duce’ (when I'm big I'll go to Dučeta). Duce was nicknamed Benito Mussolini. There was a children's organization called Balila, delayed by the pioneers.
ČA PANTIM OF OTHER ALLCKEGA WATA
Our house was German. Upstairs pul none was their headquarters, and there was a veil kitchen with velin asparagus, and a veil table. They weren't bad. They gave nan bonbons, schkatulets with uncooked food, pussy and morda cha second.
Towards the end of the war came Chetniks, bearded, full of hay and flea. Pul none used kamara and the kitchen, and the pul downstairs just the kitchen. They burned the overhead on the table. Sako Morning, fleas and thighs from big beards and long hair were stressing out. We have named only one camare for us, a kitchen and one camarine. Kamarin was used to keep old merchandise, shoe and masonry things, and the place of the bathtub we washed your cable. Va kamare has burned us five. I have fallen asleep at the bottom of the foot of mom and pope, and the sisters on the smaller bed, facing each other (legs - head). When we were bigger, we burned the overhead on the olupkeh, these are wrinkle lists. We were always yelling at each other, "You know what I'm doing, get those legs off." That was until 1954 when the nan died nono, so we got a camer for the three of us upstairs, and the younger sister, who was born in 1949, stayed downstairs.
Upstairs pul none were old beds with ornaments , bathtubs withdrew stenice, so they instilled us in the night and that srbelo. Those fasts and streaks burned down, so we burned the nakedness to the hairpin again. In 1956, a flight from my first salary we bought a bed and so the dream first got its bed.
During this time of war many times dream sla pul kujina Ivanka od Šinčina, house a little lower. And the pole of them were Germans. Once, and even today, one, two or three houses were named after neken imenon al grunting. So j’ was spoken at Pustići, Klanci, Pešćevac, Tonići, Kuzminac and others. One time, the dream was Ivanka's pole. We were home alone, but so were the Germans. There were choltrines on the cheque, and they were narrated stars, so the Germans said they were going to kill us, but they were partisan stars. Somehow the dream of jin z fingeron showed that these are celestial stars, so we fared well. The pot weight is Ivanka from the family in your forest, so it was said, and she was already her brother va partizaneh.
And my barba is a scarf for your partisans. It was a dream that day to go up to none and hear the remorse of the bastard and the bastard. When the body's dream starts to come in, the barba is the oprl of the door and on the back I told the nonotu “I will ren and I will never come out again”. In 1942 the flight killed the first fighter, Bruno Francetić after the chem called our street.
One day the Kablari pole fired, the unfortunate thought they were partisans, so they picked up a man from Kablari to Matezin's, and so did our father. They were held for a while by the tavern pul Blažići. They were whipped and beaten there and then let go home. Imagined how they came to our house, and we three children sat on one bench and cried. So we saved some food as was your bench. They wanted a nan thing, a stranger, and we weren't very mistletoe, only imagining they wanted žvejarin.
As we were afraid without our father, we could not be your house, but we went to Benašen barbe Dolfot and burned your tavern. Some are going to the Lower Dren's Pole of their own. One day, the Eroplans were heard. We escaped some trench that was buried in front of their house, it was our luck and a bomb fell on that tavern. Potle weight we went to va rifugio pul Dorčić, who was on the Italian side. We were there for a while and then we screamed Matezinoven to your house.
The sen Drenovcanon is already a well-known tiramol. This is bil špag al’ string z kun, some smuggled items were pulled over the string to border Italy from Croatia. The food j’ was also conveyed differently. One help was the tavern pul of my godmother Franković va Dolnja Drenova. One of their taverns was a schooner's veil, the bathtubs were hiding things and the delays were transferred to Mr. Drenova, when there was a chance for a deal with the financiers, but at night over the wire. In a way, they smuggled in judo. They'd cut my godmother's pulse and wait for a chance to cross the border. They were the ones who didn't misappropriate the passes.
RELEASE FROM ANYWHEREINCA
We crossed over from Squaz to Squaz and became Yugoslavs. We could've gone to Italy. The Pope asked me the thoughtful, the dream the eldest, said the dream that I do not ren and today I am glad that we did not want to. A couple of flights ago, a dream came to her that we would be morda to fine your South Mercury. Some were sent to Australia, Canada, but North Mercury. Only the colors of the family remained in Italy. The important South Mercury was sent by families from more than one child, even if it was painful. When helmets were votanti (optants – Italians who hadn't calved a hundred Yugoslavs) the house also remained empty. Nan was offering a house in Kozala, another dream said I wouldn't go to Drenova and I wouldn't regret it.
MY POWER OF SUPPORT OF THE OTHERA SVECKEGA WAR AND TEŠWHEN TIME
Potle two grades of Italian and two Croatian schools at Drenova, it was necessary to start with Reka. Some dream walked your school Dolac, not your school Kozala. Then she was a seven-legged girl. That time of year is when you walk to school and work, poorly dressed and dressed, misguided and thirsty. That there was a barrel of water for like. I'm never going to get stuck when I dream one time I'm going to go all the way to Centocele's home, and there's no shade at two o'clock and no mistletoe to put in your mouth. I was so weak that a dream beat my head under a bush. I didn't think of a pooch then, just a dream I thought I wouldn't stay alive. For jist j', something from dominoes was going on in the winter. Once a dream mistletoe cone and pasta, but opolnom it was like sour polenta. To part dream walked over Chentochael. The pul crekvice Sisveti was harvested and the bathtubs today are Plodine and the technical inspection, and then on Brajd. It was morning at six o'clock, and evening at two o'clock, but evening at ten o'clock, and eleven o'clock o'clock. My mom came up to my creek, and I was scared by the schooner, if the dream was alone, and that was more times.
There was an even greater poverty in the heat of the war, as if we were screaming at the time of our family's life. From nine flight began dream Shit. The dream was patched with calcete, and a new schooner came up on the calcete. The men's barbers were so patched up that they didn't even know what color they were. Already from the twelfth flight dream stitched and the first blouse. Your school and your work carried a whole piece of merchandise. Sobota was washed and the pundejah was put on again, and we did not wash the wafers. That approached me well, and you dream vavek your japeh found ki solat, so it was for the cinema, the time when nisan was still acting. As the Germans and Italians gave us some banders, chargers and parachutes, it made us shout. We made mistletoe of two colors white and green from the bandier, and from the punjav kapot, and the parachutes were for men's barbers.
When the Fiumans began to walk in your Talia, we bought some things from them. That's how we used to drink porcelain, and then we used to drink aluminum paddles and china. Padele and crucibles were given scotch, and j’ scotch was put to the lottery. One thing was cooked j’ vavek, so it was said: ‘Kapus turnip, when promenin tad bu merlin’, and there was also a peach and a primrose. If ki imel is what kind of prosciutto bone, then she was shaking so that the maneštra could breathe a little, and she was breathing like a grassive. On Sundays, there was little horse meat and your salty fish was toćal kompir al’ polenta.
Nona’s sister, ka j’ živila va Zagreb, sent nan old goods, and it was already possible to buy them. It's starting to be scared and we're starting to act. As I dreamed so we three sisters dressed beautifully and regulated and shewed kuntents on a frying pan.
THE FIRST TANCI
From the 18th flight the dream began to walk on a tan, and my sisters who were just a little bit younger. We were always very well dressed. Kašneje's dream found out that the younger ones had come to see us dressed, and the old women sitting next to the hall, watching and criticizing. The pancakes on Lokve were famous for their masks. The inhabitants of Pula, Gromičani, Pehinari and Kastav came. The people of Pulca and Gromica would fight against ours (the wave is for us a diva). That was the most vane, when the pans were fine. One time it was your hall, such a brawl, that the giants were fighting with him and they were corrosive.
So my brave sister Ida seh beat the cantridun, and we two scarecrows escaped to the stage. The theme came to an end when the young men of Reka began to come along. Those fat pans were very nice. We were masquerading as well. We sewed ourselves from the merchandise we found from our elders. We borrowed Kašneje from your theatre. So we were a princess, a queen, a princess, a bull and more. The time has come for the offensive, the joy and the suffering both for the great one.
THE FIRST JUBAVI
She's already found her own couple, even my two sisters, to fight for and get married. It's customary for a young man to come to the giant's house to see the scan we're walking on. That's how I'm a dopejal, he's a fiuman. I don't know how my father and mat found out more quickly about him, but they told me that he was from a good family and had a house. Imel had a mustache, so the dream said I wasn't being ripped off. I still had a lot of hardship in my life, so I'm just going to write something about it. The first date I ever had was under the control of my parents. We met the same at the tanceh on Lokve. We were supposed to meet halfway through the Chenthos, he came from Reke, and I came from Drenova.
Still nisan valda ni delala, aš nisan mistletoe pooped for obut, so she loaned me a sister. They were sheds, so j’ was the shit to go to the rendes, but’ still the dream of the shed. When my dream came when I saw that your young man Istrian had a broken scepter on his capot, I was lying to him. I don't know how many times we've seen each other, he's the moral of your army. Another dream saw him once as a soldier. So the subject came to an end, but not for me. I'm only going to mention two young men.
TANCIES AND JUBABES CONTINUE
Morda Pond's a little outdated, and we're a calf no more. We started walking on the fringe of Viškovo, Kastav, Škurinje and Gromišćina. Šlo is walking, so we woke up, stooped from the nail, and you hid your forests. Neken j’ happened to be left without a nail. The ancients were getting married. If the young man is from another place, the doorman of the young man's house is a storil triumphal arch. There was a table at the market, and morda and cha for a pojist, the soldi weren't even giving them any. There j' was a bit of a struggle to get the bride.
Picture of my sister
We are three friends of Drenovčica, and mistletoe are some friends of work. The customs changed again, we started to walk on the corner of V Rek, Kozal, your Martinšćica, Zamet, Rubeši, etc. We walked through your cinema a lot, a little and your theatre. We also went for a swim. Reka was approached from the roots, and Drenova walked. The movies we've seen are now back on TV. We bought the TV in 1958 and went to Ljubljana to pick it up. Unfortunately, then we watched Italy, and we listened to Italian songs.
FEATURES OF BENCIĆA
In 1956, Rikard Benčić began to dream of flying, and that dream awaited a full pension south before the disintegration of R. Benčić. Our people on Drenovo drove across Kastav al’ over Gromišćina for rough roads, so I was always weak. The more sleep I loved, the more I walked alone, the more I loved riding. They also started driving the city's roads. More than once, the dream fell a half way and walked. At the top of the rib dream sla pul kuma and there a little rest and sla home. This j’ was the case until 1971, when the driver had a dream, the driver had a lesser dream, and the problem of the flight was that she got married.
We were like one family. We went to the potle for a drink and a strudel. Then there was no coffee, there was a drink of j’ pasareta al’ some liqueur. Your company's been a lot of festegialo. These were the anniversaries for five, ten and more years of service, but the qah holiday was enough. When Benčić is a cupil with two smaller roots, it is a nedeje al’ blagdanon excursion.
And if my ride was bad, it was worth it for our beautiful friendships and I didn't miss them. Iman some memories of the bathtub dream me and Dorin Spešćevac in your tent and from Arena Pula. Kašneje is Benčić oprl restaurant, socializing room, buffet and bocce club. This gathering was once called “Dopo lavoro”. When they started tearing down the wall you Benčić dream cried. I'm glad Benčić has become a cultural place. Nor is it the sugar leh ‘Rikard Benčić’.
Started the dream delat how lapyrerka and was the dream of the best of us peat females, and there was a lot of Drenovčic.
Since a lot of us have come from one time, we have named courses for "PK" and "K" workers. Kašnee's dream became the controller of precision tools.
Your Bencchio...
I nisan on the subject remained. She passed a dream bookkeeping and typing course and fined an economic school. Well, the dream changed and the jobs, the controller, the economist, the bureau's accountant. And at the end of the day, you import and export products.
AGAIN JUBAV – VA BENCIĆ
Your company was more of a men's leh female. They were marrying room honey, and I found a soul mate here too, but there was something there. She painted the dream at the same time with two men, so that's infamous fineness. It's a dream mentioned as a dream pole 50 flight, one of the teg trephiles in a strange way. She was walking her dream to therapy for your Škurinja. When the dream came to your exercise room, a man lay down and practiced, and I dreamed to tell him to lie down here with you best. When Finil z was practicing, he came to me and said: “Is that Elda?” and that she recognized me by her voice. We were starting to get in the way, so the nurses came to see if you were laughing. Two flights late, we're trephilis again. Whispering dream of Konzum by skalineh on the Korjera and overtaking some limp. She stopped the dream halfway and thought the dream had something to buy. That's when that limp came to me. I didn't even see him, just a dream I heard when he said, "There won't be a tear in my eye." And this time there was laughter to tears. He thought the dream was waiting for him. This time, we had a little chatter, and the 50th flight was a word for word. He complained about his not-so-best life.
Since then the dream knew that the dream of your life and the color of the dog lehcha dream thought. These things led her kindred to hers, and hers was sprinkled, and therefore a dream of the body was written. It's just part of the sego. That cha was a gruesome, colored backwards and no offendite at all. The life of my family and my sisters would be a special thing, from the hardships of some children and they know it.
ŠEST GENERATION
FIRST GENERATION
Nine sisters, missing my real nona Ida Ash died in 1920 of a flight from the Spanish flu. Others have come of age. Nona Tonka is third up on the left.
OTHER GENERATION
Nono Miko and nona Tonka z decun. My mom's third on the right. Bruno ki died the second on the right.
ThirdA GENERATION
Zita and Pepe z decun. I dream first on the right.
FOURTH GENERATION
Me and Ivan z decun.
5th GENERATION
Biljana's daughter when she was married, and Claudio's son on the other.
ŠESTA GENERATION
These children include 14 of them, and the age is from 12 to 28 flights.
AND FOR THE END:
For our children and grandchildren, to know at least a little how some homemade besedas used to be, donkey dream and I scored some.
Let them know that our genus of kega was a lot, from grandparents to grandparents, they didn't want to go abroad - thujin for soldi, just grandparents. One of my aunts is slapping you to Talia for her soup. That is why, spoken to the sixth generation, let them stay home, and there will be no nicer limbs in them anywhere!
Ivan Cvetko was born in Delnice, from where he was transferred to Rijeka as a young chaplain to the church of the Assumption of Mary.
At the end of 1836, the City Council of Rijeka decided to establish a parish court on Drenova, which was approved by the Diocese, so on May 1, 1837. Ivan Cvetko, until then parish assistant, elected pastor on Drenova . The following year, he built a parish apartment that still serves the same purpose today. In the parish apartment Ivan Cvetko gathered the more advanced children of Drenova and taught them the first literacy.
Worship was then, for the last 10 years, performed in the chapel of All Saints in today's new cemetery, because the chapel of Our Lady of Carmel, built back in 1628 on the area of the old parish apartment, was in ruins.
By the efforts of Ivan Cvetko in civil and ecclesiastical authorities, the construction of a new church was approved in 1847. In the outer dimensions it was built in only 3 months and Holy Masses began to be held there. It was not consecrated until September 24, 1863 to the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel.
At the time of Ivan Cvetko's arrival on Drenovo, the children attended elementary school that was in the building of today's Faculty of Pedagogy. Ivan Cvetko advocated and managed to get permission to build an elementary school building on Drenova. Thus, in 1852, the construction of the first, western part was completed the People's School It consisted of a classroom and a teacher's apartment. The school was attended by 40 to 50 students.
When the third cholera epidemic appeared in Rijeka in 1855, Ivan Cvetko had the task of teaching people hygiene habits in the fight against this vicious disease of those times.
As a pastor, Ivan Cvetko remained on the Drena until 1870, when he gave a farewell speech on July 16, in the today's church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which was built on his merits. "Goodbye, folks!" were the last words he said and left.
He lived another 14 years in the river. He was buried in the oldest Drenova cemetery, and by the construction of a university settlement his mortal remains were moved to today's Old Cemetery in Donja Drenova. For all the merits with which Ivan Cvetko indebted them, the people of Drenovci repaid by giving his name to the central town square.